(Korean_MFA_dictionary_v3_0_0)= # Korean MFA dictionary v3.0.0 ``````{dictionary} Korean MFA dictionary v3.0.0 :id: "Korean MFA dictionary v3_0_0" :tags: Korean;MFA;IPA :language: "Korean" :dialect: N/A :layout: mfa :template: dictionary_template :phoneset: "MFA" :license: "CC BY 4.0" ```{include} ../../../../dictionary/korean/mfa/v3.0.0/README.md :start-after: "## Dictionary details" :end-before: "## Installation" ``` ```{admonition} G2P models * {ref}`korean_mfa_g2p_model_v3_0_0` ``` ```{admonition} Acoustic models * {ref}`korean_mfa_acoustic_model_v3_0_0` ``` `````` ```{include} ../../../../dictionary/korean/mfa/v3.0.0/README.md :start-after: "new)." ``` ## IPA Charts ### Consonants Obstruent symbols to the left of {fas}`circle;ipa-dot` are unvoiced and those to the right are voiced. ``````{list-table} :header-rows: 1 :stub-columns: 1 :class: consonant_chart table-striped table-bordered * - Manner - Labial - Alveolar - Retroflex - Palatal - Velar - Glottal * - {manner}`Nasal` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * m * Occurrences: 4417 * Examples * 국무부: [k u ŋ m u b u] * 맞춰져: [m ɐ tɕʷː ʌ dʑ ʌ] * 제일모직: [tɕ eː i ɭ m o dʑ i] * 문고리: [m u ŋ ɡ o ɾʲ i] * mʲ * Occurrences: 830 * Examples * 리얼미터: [ɾʲ i ʌ ɭ mʲ i tʰ ʌ] * 느냐면서: [n ɨ ɲ ɐ mʲ ʌ n sʰ ʌ] * 명망가: [mʲ ʌː ŋ m ɐ ŋ ɡ ɐ] * 미네르바: [mʲ i n e ɾ ɨ b ɐ] * mʲː * Occurrences: 8 * Examples * 감명깊: [k ɐ mʲː ʌ ŋ ɟ i p̚] * 김명호: [c i mʲː ʌ ŋ β o] * 금명간: [k ɨ mʲː ʌ ŋ ɡ ɐ n] * mː * Occurrences: 56 * Examples * 참모총장: [tɕʰ ɐ mː o tɕʰ o ɲ dʑ ɐ ŋ] * 금메달: [k ɨ mː e d ɐ ɭ] * 김무성: [c i mː u sʰ ʌ ŋ] * 가림막: [k ɐ ɾʲ i mː ɐ k̚] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * n * Occurrences: 6751 * Examples * 유승민: [j u sʰ ɨ ŋ mʲ i n] * 괴로운: [kʷ e ɾ o u n] * 닉네임: [dʲ i ŋ n e i m] * 안내문: [ɐ nː ɛː m u n] * nː * Occurrences: 106 * Examples * 지난날: [tɕ i n ɐ nː ɐ ɭ] * 반나절: [p ɐ nː ɐ dʑ ʌ ɭ] * 온난화: [o nː ɐ n βʷ ɐ] * 짓누르: [tɕ i nː n u ɾ ɨ] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * ɲ * Occurrences: 2255 * Examples * 그랜저: [k ɨ ɾ ɛː ɲ dʑ ʌ] * 미친년: [mʲ i tɕʰ i n ɲ ʌ n] * 기억력: [c i ʌ ŋ ɲ ʌ k̚] * 경쟁력: [c ʌ ɲ tɕ ɛː ŋ ɲ ʌ k̚] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * ŋ * Occurrences: 4827 * Examples * 신경외과: [ɕʰ i ɲ ɟ ʌ ŋ w eː kʷ ɐ] * 주차장: [tɕ uː tɕʰ ɐ dʑ ɐ ŋ] * 동화책: [t oː ŋ βʷ ɐ tɕʰ ɛː k̚] * 교회당: [c oː βʷ e d ɐ ŋ] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {manner}`Stop` {submanner}`Plain` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * p * Occurrences: 1607 * Examples * 박광온: [p ɐ kʷː ɐ ŋ o n] * 배신자: [p ɛː ɕʰ i ɲ dʑ ɐ] * 복주머니: [p o k̚ tɕʰ u m ʌ ɲ i] * 반드시: [p ɐ n d ɨ ɕʰ i] * pʲ * Occurrences: 769 * Examples * 눈높이: [d uː nː o pʲ i] * 세피아: [sʰ eː pʲ i ɐ] * 비델라: [pʲ i d e ɭː ɐ] * 빚어졌: [pʲ i dʑ ʌ dʑ ʌ] * pʲː * Occurrences: 8 * Examples * 합병증: [h ɐ pʲː ʌ ɲ tɕ ɨ ŋ] * 집필진: [tɕ i pʲː i ʎ dʑ i n] * 답변서: [t ɐ pʲː ʌ n sʰ ʌ] * 사업비: [sʰ ɐ ʌ pʲː i] * pʷ * Occurrences: 26 * Examples * 내다봤: [d ɛː d ɐ pʷ ɐ t̚] * 불협화음: [p u ɾ ʝ ʌ pʷ ɐ ɨ m] * 봐야지: [pʷ ɐ j ɐ dʑ i] * voiced * b * Occurrences: 973 * Examples * 산자부: [sʰ ɐ ɲ tɕ ɐ b u] * 눈여겨보: [n u n ɲ ʌ ɟ ʌ b o] * 군부대: [k u m b u tʰ ɛː] * 올보르: [o ɭ b o ɾ ɨ] * bʲ * Occurrences: 478 * Examples * 대변인: [t ɛː bʲ ʌ ɲ i n] * 소비액: [sʰ o bʲ i ɛː] * 중장비: [tɕ u ɲ dʑ ɐ m bʲ i] * 농업용: [d o ŋ ʌ bʲ o ŋ] * bʷ * Occurrences: 11 * Examples * 조합원: [tɕ o ɦ ɐ bʷ ʌ n] * 종업원: [tɕ o ŋ ʌ bʷ ʌ n] * 당할까봐: [t ɐ ŋ h ɐ ɭ k͈ ɐ bʷ ɐ] * 살펴봐야: [sʰ ɐ ɭ pʲ ʌ bʷ ɐ j ɐ] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * t * Occurrences: 1401 * Examples * 순찰대: [sʰ u ɲ tɕʰ ɐ ɭ t ɛː] * 댑니다: [t ɛː m ɲ i d ɐ] * 들어간: [t ɨ ɾ ʌ ɡ ɐ n] * 독일군: [t o ɟ i ɭ k u n] * tʲ * Occurrences: 143 * Examples * 버팀목: [p ʌ tʲ i mː o k̚] * 네티즌: [d e tʲ i dʑ ɨ n] * 유틸리티: [j u tʲ i ʎː i tʲ i] * 웨스틴: [w e s ɨ tʲ i n] * tʷ * Occurrences: 89 * Examples * 된다고: [tʷ e n d ɐ ɡ o] * 된다면: [tʷ e n d ɐ mʲ ʌ n] * 되살아나: [tʷ e sʰ ɐ ɾ ɐ n ɐ] * 되돌아오: [tʷ e d o ɾ ɐ o] * tʷː * Occurrences: 1 * Examples * 멧돼지: [m e tʷː eː dʑ i] * voiced * d * Occurrences: 2247 * Examples * 어두워서: [ʌ d u w ʌ sʰ ʌ] * 겁니다: [k ʌ m ɲ i d ɐ] * 받아들여: [p ɐ d ɐ d ɨ ɾʲ ʌ] * 회교도: [ɸʷ e ɟ o d o] * dʲ * Occurrences: 106 * Examples * 몰디브: [m o ɭ dʲ i b ɨ] * 비디아: [pʲ i dʲ i ɐ] * 니미츠: [dʲ i mʲ i tɕʰ ɨ] * 겐나디: [k e nː ɐ dʲ i] * dʷ * Occurrences: 3 * Examples * 그만뒀: [k ɨ m ɐ ɲ dʷ ʌ t̚] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * c * Occurrences: 730 * Examples * 기업어음: [c i ʌ b ʌ ɨ m] * 경비실: [c ʌː m bʲ iː ɕʰ i ɭ] * 교과서: [c oː kʷ ɐ sʰ ʌ] * 기울여온: [c i u ɾʲ ʌ o n] * voiced * ɟ * Occurrences: 809 * Examples * 여겨왔: [j ʌ ɟ ʌ w ɐ t̚] * 호루라기: [ɸ o ɾ u ɾ ɐ ɟ i] * 외교관: [w eː ɟ o ɡʷ ɐ n] * 설계서: [sʰ ʌ ɭ ɟ e sʰ ʌ] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * k * Occurrences: 2185 * Examples * 밝혀내: [p ɐ k ʝ ʌ n ɛː] * 건넨다: [k ʌː nː e n d ɐ] * 구치감: [k u tɕʰ i ɡ ɐ m] * 고바야시: [k o b ɐ j ɐ ɕʰ i] * kʷ * Occurrences: 301 * Examples * 입법권: [i pʰː ʌ p̚ kʷ ʌ n] * 광양시: [kʷ ɐ ŋ j ɐ ŋ ɕʰ i] * 연락회: [j ʌ ɭː ɐ kʷ e] * 권노갑: [kʷ ʌ nː o ɡ ɐ p̚] * kʷː * Occurrences: 25 * Examples * 도덕관: [t o d ʌ kʷː ɐ n] * 광역권: [kʷ ɐ ŋ j ʌ kʷː ʌ n] * 체육관: [tɕʰ e j u kʷː ɐ n] * 특권층: [tʰ ɨ kʷː ʌ ɲ tɕʰ ɨ ŋ] * voiced * ɡ * Occurrences: 1633 * Examples * 최고위: [tɕʷ eː ɡ o ɥ i] * 두근거렸: [t u ɡ ɨ ŋ ɡ ʌ ɾʲ ʌ t̚] * 휴게소: [ç u ɡ e sʰ o] * 들어갔: [t ɨ ɾ ʌ ɡ ɐ] * ɡʷ * Occurrences: 207 * Examples * 미술관: [mʲ iː sʰ u ɭ ɡʷ ɐ n] * 기저귀: [c i dʑ ʌ ɡʷ i] * 항공권: [h ɐ ŋ ɡ o ŋ ɡʷ ʌ n] * 서귀포: [sʰ ʌ ɡʷ i pʰ o] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {submanner}`Tense` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * p͈ * Occurrences: 167 * Examples * 빠져나왔: [p͈ ɐ dʑ ʌ n ɐ w ɐ t̚] * 빨라서: [p͈ ɐ ɭː ɐ sʰ ʌ] * 바빠서: [p ɐ p͈ ɐ sʰ ʌ] * 기뻐하: [c i p͈ ʌ ɦ ɐ] * p͈ʲ * Occurrences: 13 * Examples * 가슴뼈: [k ɐ sʰ ɨ m p͈ʲ ʌ] * 뼈저리: [p͈ʲ ʌ dʑ ʌ ɾʲ i] * 허리뼈: [h ʌ ɾʲ i p͈ʲ ʌ] * 광대뼈: [kʷ ɐ n t ɛː p͈ʲ ʌ] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * t͈ * Occurrences: 302 * Examples * 떨어져: [t͈ ʌ ɾ ʌ dʑ ʌ] * 뛰쳐나온: [t͈ ɥ i tɕʰ ʌ n ɐ o n] * 떨어뜨린: [t͈ ʌ ɾ ʌ t͈ ɨ ɾʲ i n] * 수다떨: [sʰ uː d ɐ t͈ ʌ ɭ] * t͈ʲ * Occurrences: 14 * Examples * 허리띠: [h ʌ ɾʲ i t͈ʲ i] * 안전띠: [ɐ ɲ dʑ ʌ n t͈ʲ i] * t͈ː * Occurrences: 5 * Examples * 잇따랐: [iː t͈ː ɐ ɾ ɐ t̚] * 잇따르: [iː t͈ː ɐ ɾ ɨ] * 잇따라: [iː t͈ː ɐ ɾ ɐ] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * c͈ * Occurrences: 67 * Examples * 느낄지: [d ɨ c͈ i ʎ dʑ i] * 끼쳐서: [c͈ i tɕʰ ʌ sʰ ʌ] * 느낀다면: [n ɨ c͈ i n d ɐ mʲ ʌ n] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * k͈ * Occurrences: 395 * Examples * 시끄러워서: [ɕʰ i k͈ ɨ ɾ ʌ w ʌ sʰ ʌ] * 두꺼비: [t u k͈ ʌ bʲ i] * 까다로운: [k͈ ɐ d ɐ ɾ o u n] * 다니까: [t ɐ ɲ i k͈ ɐ] * k͈ʷ * Occurrences: 22 * Examples * 바꿔서: [p ɐ k͈ʷ ʌ sʰ ʌ] * 우스꽝: [u sʰ ɨ k͈ʷ ɐ ŋ] * 뒤바뀌: [t ɥ i b ɐ k͈ʷ i] * 바꿔야: [p ɐ k͈ʷ ʌ j ɐ] * k͈ː * Occurrences: 6 * Examples * 꼬박꼬박: [k͈ o b ɐ k͈ː o b ɐ k̚] * 동백꽃: [t o m p ɛː k͈ː o] * 끄덕끄덕: [k͈ ɨ d ʌ k͈ː ɨ d ʌ k̚] * 아직껏: [ɐ dʑ i k͈ː ʌ t̚] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {submanner}`Aspirated` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * pʰ * Occurrences: 1004 * Examples * 폭발물: [pʰ o pʰ ɐ ɭ m u ɭ] * 프라이드: [pʰ ɨ ɾ ɐ i d ɨ] * 캘리포니아: [kʰ ɛː ʎː i pʰ o ɲ i ɐ] * 페스티벌: [pʰ e sʰ ɨ tɕʰ i b ʌ ɭ] * pʰː * Occurrences: 26 * Examples * 급부상: [k ɨ pʰː u sʰ ɐ ŋ] * 입법권: [i pʰː ʌ p̚ kʷ ʌ n] * 수입품: [sʰ u i pʰː u m] * 반대급부: [p ɐ n t ɛː ɡ ɨ pʰː u] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * tʰ * Occurrences: 1271 * Examples * 리베이트: [ɾʲ i b e i tʰ ɨ] * 이스턴: [i sʰ ɨ tʰ ʌ n] * 인스턴트: [i n sʰ ɨ tʰ ʌ n tʰ ɨ] * 나타냈: [n ɐ tʰ ɐ n ɛː t̚] * tʰː * Occurrences: 28 * Examples * 야겠다: [j ɐ ɡ e tʰː ɐ] * 롯데마트: [ɾ o tʰː e m ɐ tʰ ɨ] * 롯데월드: [ɾ o tʰː e w ʌ ɭ d ɨ] * 아마겟돈: [ɐ m ɐ ɡ e tʰː o n] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * cʰ * Occurrences: 234 * Examples * 마스터키: [m ɐ sʰ ɨ tʰ ʌ cʰ i] * 키오스: [cʰ i o sʰ ɨ] * 가로막혀: [k ɐ ɾ o m ɐ cʰ ʌ] * 움켜쥔: [u m cʰ ʌ dʑʷ i n] * cʰː * Occurrences: 56 * Examples * 가톨릭교회: [k ɐ tʰ o ʎː i cʰː o βʷ e] * 기독교인: [c i d o cʰː o i n] * 방직기: [p ɐ ɲ dʑ i cʰː i] * 남북교역: [d ɐ m b u cʰː o j ʌ k̚] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * kʰ * Occurrences: 732 * Examples * 머리카락: [m ʌ ɾʲ i kʰ ɐ ɾ ɐ k̚] * 격해진: [c ʌ kʰ ɛː dʑ i n] * 기어코: [c i ʌ kʰ o] * 숟가락: [sʰ u kʰ ɐ ɾ ɐ k̚] * kʰː * Occurrences: 137 * Examples * 위약금: [ɥ i j ɐ kʰː ɨ m] * 박근혜: [p ɐ kʰː ɨ ɲ e] * 조작극: [tɕ o dʑ ɐ kʰː ɨ k̚] * 북카페: [p u kʰː ɐ pʰ e] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {submanner}`Unreleased` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * p̚ * Occurrences: 792 * Examples * 한화갑: [h ɐ n βʷ ɐ ɡ ɐ p̚] * 가습기: [k ɐ sʰ ɨ p̚ cʰ i] * 갑작스런: [k ɐ p̚ tɕʰ ɐ k s ɨ ɾ ʌ n] * 흰쌀밥: [ç i n s͈ ɐ ɭ b ɐ p̚] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * t̚ * Occurrences: 999 * Examples * 밥그릇: [p ɐ p̚ kʰ ɨ ɾ ɨ t̚] * 넘어왔: [n ʌ m ʌ w ɐ t̚] * 찾아다녔: [tɕʰ ɐ dʑ ɐ d ɐ ɲ ʌ t̚] * 밑그림: [mʲ i t̚ ɡ ɨ ɾʲ i m] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * k̚ * Occurrences: 2044 * Examples * 면역력: [mʲ ʌː ɲ ʌ ŋ ɲ ʌ k̚] * 머리카락: [m ʌ ɾʲ i kʰ ɐ ɾ ɐ k̚] * 제국주의: [tɕ eː ɡ u k̚ tɕʰ u ɰ i] * 이토록: [i tʰ o ɾ o k̚] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {manner}`Affricate` {submanner}`Plain` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * tɕ * Occurrences: 2239 * Examples * 장애물: [tɕ ɐ ŋ ɛː m u ɭ] * 장쩌민: [tɕ ɐ ɲ tɕ͈ ʌ mʲ i n] * 조리사: [tɕ o ɾʲ i sʰ ɐ] * 중력파: [tɕ u ŋ ɲ ʌ k̚ pʰ ɐ] * tɕʷ * Occurrences: 140 * Examples * 최대한: [tɕʷ eː t ɛː ɦ ɐ n] * 최빈국: [tɕʷ eː bʲ i ŋ ɡ u k̚] * 좌회전: [tɕʷ ɐ βʷ e dʑ ʌ n] * 좌불안석: [tɕʷ ɐ b u ɾ ɐ n sʰ ʌ] * tɕʷː * Occurrences: 14 * Examples * 갖춰져: [k ɐ tɕʷː ʌ dʑ ʌ] * 맞춰서: [m ɐ tɕʷː ʌ sʰ ʌ] * 맞춰요: [m ɐ tɕʷː ʌ j o] * 갖춰진: [k ɐ tɕʷː ʌ dʑ i n] * tɕː * Occurrences: 1 * Examples * voiced * dʑ * Occurrences: 2565 * Examples * 디지털: [tɕʰ i dʑ i tʰ ʌ ɭ] * 금정면: [k ɨ m dʑ ʌ ŋ mʲ ʌ n] * 만장일치: [m ɐ ɲ dʑ ɐ ŋ i ʎ tɕʰ i] * 빠져도: [p͈ ɐ dʑ ʌ d o] * dʑʷ * Occurrences: 37 * Examples * 괘씸죄: [kʷ eː ɕ͈ i m dʑʷ e] * 살인죄: [sʰ ɐ ɾʲ i ɲ dʑʷ e] * 사기죄: [sʰ ɐ ɟ i dʑʷ e] * 조직범죄: [tɕ o dʑ i pʰ ʌ m dʑʷ e] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {submanner}`Tense` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * tɕ͈ * Occurrences: 195 * Examples * 우쭐대: [uː tɕ͈ u ɭ t ɛː] * 어쩌다가: [ʌ tɕ͈ ʌ d ɐ ɡ ɐ] * 반짝거리: [p ɐ ɲ tɕ͈ ɐ kʰː ʌ ɾʲ i] * 어쩌다: [ʌ tɕ͈ ʌ d ɐ] * tɕ͈ʷ * Occurrences: 2 * Examples * tɕ͈ː * Occurrences: 5 * Examples * 다섯째: [t ɐ sʰ ʌ tɕ͈ː ɛː] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {submanner}`Aspirated` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * tɕʰ * Occurrences: 2347 * Examples * 총파업: [tɕʰ o m pʰ ɐ ʌ p̚] * 자그마치: [tɕ ɐ ɡ ɨ m ɐ tɕʰ i] * 청원경찰: [tɕʰ ʌː ŋ w ʌ ɲ ɟ ʌ ɲ tɕʰ ɐ ɭ] * 부추김: [p uː tɕʰ u ɟ i m] * tɕʰː * Occurrences: 79 * Examples * 이곳저곳: [i ɡ o tɕʰː ʌ ɡ o] * 붙잡혔: [p u tɕʰː ɐ pʲ ʌ t̚] * 뒷받침: [t ɥ iː pʰ ɐ tɕʰː i m] * 이웃집: [i u tɕʰː i p̚] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {manner}`Sibilant` {submanner}`Plain` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * s * Occurrences: 494 * Examples * 연합뉴스: [j ʌː n h ɐ m ɲ u s ɨ] * 상속세: [sʰ ɐ ŋ sʰ o k s e] * 통일세: [tʰ o ŋ i ɭ s e] * 들을수록: [t ɨ ɾ ɨ ɭ s u ɾ o k̚] * sʷ * Occurrences: 51 * Examples * 쇠사슬: [sʷ e sʰ ɐ sʰ ɨ ɭ] * 아쉬웠: [ɐ sʷ i w ʌ] * 쇠고기: [sʷ e ɡ o ɟ i] * 아쉬운: [ɐ sʷ u n] * sː * Occurrences: 1 * Examples * 헛소리: [h ʌ sː o ɾʲ i] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * ɕ * Occurrences: 0 * Examples ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {submanner}`Tense` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * s͈ * Occurrences: 176 * Examples * 쓰러졌: [s͈ ɨ ɾ ʌ dʑ ʌ t̚] * 쏘나타: [s͈ o n ɐ tʰ ɐ] * 안쓰럽: [ɐ n s͈ ɨ ɾ ʌ p̚] * 쏟아져: [s͈ o d ɐ dʑ ʌ] * s͈ʷ * Occurrences: 1 * Examples ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * ɕ͈ * Occurrences: 197 * Examples * 갑시다: [k ɐ p ɕ͈ i d ɐ] * 아저씨: [ɐ dʑ ʌ ɕ͈ i] * 졸업식: [tɕ o ɾ ʌ p ɕ͈ i] * 부담없이: [p uː d ɐ m ʌ p ɕ͈ i] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {submanner}`Aspirated` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * sʰ * Occurrences: 3712 * Examples * 앞장섰: [ɐ p̚ tɕʰ ɐ ŋ sʰ ʌ t̚] * 삼성전자: [sʰ ɐ m sʰ ʌ ɲ dʑ ʌ ɲ dʑ ɐ] * 이래서: [iː ɾ ɛː sʰ ʌ] * 뉴시스: [dʲ u ɕʰ i sʰ ɨ] * sʰː * Occurrences: 11 * Examples * 머릿속: [m ʌ ɾʲ i sʰː o k̚] * 못생겼: [m oː sʰː ɛː ŋ ɟ ʌ t̚] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * ɕʰ * Occurrences: 1102 * Examples * 관심사: [kʷ ɐ n ɕʰ i m sʰ ɐ] * 시설물: [ɕʰ iː sʰ ʌ ɭ m u ɭ] * 신문사: [ɕʰ i n m u n sʰ ɐ] * 다시피: [t ɐ ɕʰ i pʲ i] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {manner}`Fricative` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * ɸ * Occurrences: 111 * Examples * 호메이니: [ɸ o m e i ɲ i] * 홍준표: [ɸ o ɲ dʑ u m pʲ o] * 호박색: [ɸ o b ɐ k ɕ͈ ɛː k̚] * 혹시나: [ɸ o k ɕ͈ i n ɐ] * ɸʷ * Occurrences: 281 * Examples * 후쿠시: [ɸʷ u kʰ u ɕʰ i] * 횡단보도: [ɸʷ e n d ɐ m b o d o] * 확고히: [ɸʷ ɐ kʰː o ʝ i] * 황주군: [ɸʷ ɐ ɲ dʑ u ɡ u n] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * ç * Occurrences: 188 * Examples * 히로시마: [ç i ɾ o ɕʰ i m ɐ] * 현대인: [ç ʌ n d ɛː i n] * 협의회: [ç ʌ b ɰ i βʷ e] * 현행법: [ç ʌ n h ɛː m p ʌ p̚] * voiced * ʝ * Occurrences: 321 * Examples * 착실히: [tɕʰ ɐ k ɕ͈ i ɾ ʝ i] * 김현종: [c i m ʝ ʌ ɲ dʑ o ŋ] * 조현아: [tɕ o ʝ ʌ n ɐ] * 오히려: [o ʝ i ɾʲ ʌ] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * h * Occurrences: 967 * Examples * 핸드백: [h ɛː n d ɨ p ɛː k̚] * 신학자: [ɕʰ i n h ɐ k̚ tɕʰ ɐ] * 해야지: [h ɛː j ɐ dʑ i] * 생물학: [sʰ ɛː ŋ m u ɾ h ɐ k̚] * voiced * ɦ * Occurrences: 293 * Examples * 슬퍼하: [sʰ ɨ ɭ pʰ ʌ ɦ ɐ] * 정치학: [tɕ ʌ ɲ tɕʰ i ɦ ɐ k̚] * 미워할: [mʲ i w ʌ ɦ ɐ ɭ] * 수행원: [sʰ uː ɦ ɛː ŋ w ʌ n] ``` * - {manner}`Approximant` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * w * Occurrences: 849 * Examples * 올라왔: [o ɭː ɐ w ɐ] * 해외여행: [h ɛː w ɛː j ʌ ɦ ɛː ŋ] * 이뤄져야: [i ɾ w ʌ dʑ ʌ j ɐ] * 놀러왔: [d oː ɭː ʌ w ɐ t̚] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * j * Occurrences: 1686 * Examples * 유종헌: [j u dʑ o ŋ h ʌ n] * 승용차: [sʰ ɨ ŋ j o ɲ tɕʰ ɐ] * 이세영: [i sʰ e j ʌ ŋ] * 비워야: [pʲ i w ʌ j ɐ] * ɥ * Occurrences: 245 * Examples * 방위군: [p ɐ ŋ ɥ i ɡ u n] * 뛰어든: [t͈ ɥ i ʌ d ɨ n] * 이따위: [i t͈ ɐ ɥ i] * 뒷받침: [t ɥ iː t̚ pʰ ɐ tɕʰː i m] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * ɰ * Occurrences: 200 * Examples * 권위주의: [kʷ ʌ n ɥ i dʑ u ɰ i] * 명의자: [mʲ ʌ ŋ ɰ i dʑ ɐ] * 국민회의: [k u ŋ mʲ i n βʷ e ɰ i] * 여의도: [j ʌ ɰ i d o] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {manner}`Tap` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * ɾ * Occurrences: 1787 * Examples * 르완다: [ɾ ɨ w ɐ n d ɐ] * 더라는: [t ʌ ɾ ɐ n ɨ n] * 찌른다: [tɕ͈ i ɾ ɨ n d ɐ] * 나와라: [n ɐ w ɐ ɾ ɐ] * ɾʲ * Occurrences: 1009 * Examples * 미스터리: [mʲ i sʰ ɨ tʰ ʌ ɾʲ i] * 어려워졌: [ʌ ɾʲ ʌ w ʌ dʑ ʌ t̚] * 메릴린치: [m e ɾʲ i ʎː i ɲ tɕʰ i] * 대여료: [t ɛː j ʌ ɾʲ o] * ɾʷ * Occurrences: 3 * Examples * 브뤼셀: [p ɨ ɾʷ i sʰ e ɭ] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {manner}`Lateral` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * ʎ * Occurrences: 235 * Examples * 이루어질지: [i ɾ u ʌ dʑ i ʎ dʑ i] * 훌쩍훌쩍: [ɸʷ u ʎ tɕ͈ ʌ k̚ βʷ u ʎ tɕ͈ ʌ] * 철저히: [tɕʰ ʌ ʎ tɕ ʌ ʝ i] * 겨울철: [c ʌ u ʎ tɕʰ ʌ ɭ] * ʎː * Occurrences: 509 * Examples * 휘말리: [h ɥ i m ɐ ʎː i] * 카톨릭: [kʰ ɐ tʰ o ʎː i k̚] * 달려온: [t ɐ ʎː ʌ o n] * 인류애: [i ʎː u ɛː] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {manner}`Lateral Tap` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * ɭ * Occurrences: 2339 * Examples * 고흥길: [k o ɣ ɨ ŋ ɟ i ɭ] * 노동절: [d o d o ɲ dʑ ʌ ɭ] * 볼게요: [p o ɭ ɡ e j o] * 미술관: [mʲ iː sʰ u ɭ ɡʷ ɐ n] * ɭː * Occurrences: 466 * Examples * 불러오: [p u ɭː ʌ o] * 오클랜드: [o kʰ ɨ ɭː ɛː n d ɨ] * 흘러가: [x ɨ ɭː ʌ ɡ ɐ] * 배불러: [p ɛː b u ɭː ʌ] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` `````` ### Vowels Vowel symbols to the left of {fas}`circle;ipa-dot` are unrounded and those to the right are rounded. ``````{list-table} :header-rows: 1 :stub-columns: 1 :class: vowel_chart table-striped table-bordered * - - Front - Near-Front - Central - Near-Back - Back * - Close - ```{ipa_cell} * unrounded * i * Occurrences: 8132 * Examples * 유기준: [j u ɟ i dʑ u n] * 이동해: [i d o ŋ h ɛː] * 김수현: [c i m sʰ u ʝ ʌ n] * 더부살이: [t ʌ b u sʰ ɐ ɾʲ i] * iː * Occurrences: 627 * Examples * 이석태: [iː sʰ ʌ k̚ tʰ ɛː] * 임현수: [iː m ʝ ʌ n sʰ u] * 비해서: [pʲ iː ɦ ɛː sʰ ʌ] * 미용실: [mʲ iː j o ŋ ɕʰ i ɭ] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * unrounded * ɨ * Occurrences: 3568 * Examples * 달아오르: [t ɐ ɾ ɐ o ɾ ɨ] * 신호등: [ɕʰ iː n β o d ɨ ŋ] * 사우스: [sʰ ɐ u sʰ ɨ] * 하여튼: [h ɐ j ʌ tʰ ɨ n] * ɨː * Occurrences: 92 * Examples * 근로자: [k ɨː ɭː o dʑ ɐ] * 끌어안: [k͈ ɨː ɾ ʌ ɐ n] * 끌어왔: [k͈ ɨː ɾ ʌ w ɐ] * 그림자: [k ɨː ɾʲ i m dʑ ɐ] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * rounded * u * Occurrences: 4918 * Examples * 주저앉: [tɕ u dʑ ʌ ɐ n] * 선수금: [sʰ ʌː n sʰ u ɡ ɨ m] * 상륙전: [sʰ ɐ ŋ ɲ u k̚ tɕʰ ʌ n] * 벚나무: [p ʌ nː ɐ m u] * uː * Occurrences: 377 * Examples * 문화유산: [m u n βʷ ɐ j uː sʰ ɐ n] * 군량미: [k uː ʎː ɐ ŋ mʲ i] * 준다는: [tɕ uː n t ɐ n ɨ n] * 주차장: [tɕ uː tɕʰ ɐ dʑ ɐ ŋ] ``` * - - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - Close-Mid - ```{ipa_cell} * unrounded * e * Occurrences: 1935 * Examples * 설렌다: [sʰ ʌ ɭː e n d ɐ] * 시외버스: [ɕʰ i w e b ʌ sʰ ɨ] * 노회찬: [d oː βʷ e tɕʰ ɐ n] * 희망퇴직: [ç i m ɐ n tʷ e dʑ i] * eː * Occurrences: 434 * Examples * 예산안: [j eː sʰ ɐ n ɐ n] * 제삼자: [tɕ eː sʰ ɐ m dʑ ɐ] * 예술단: [j eː sʰ u ɭ d ɐ n] * 게시판: [k eː ɕʰ i pʰ ɐ n] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * rounded * o * Occurrences: 5396 * Examples * 포스터: [pʰ o sʰ ɨ tʰ ʌ] * 가로막: [k ɐ ɾ o m ɐ k̚] * 물류비용: [m u ʎː u bʲ i j o ŋ] * 조리용: [tɕ o ɾʲ i j o ŋ] * oː * Occurrences: 671 * Examples * 공군력: [k oː ŋ ɡ u ʎː ʌ k̚] * 노사정: [n oː sʰ ɐ dʑ ʌ ŋ] * 소선거구제: [sʰ oː sʰ ʌ ŋ ɡ ʌ ɡ u dʑ e] * 놀라운: [d oː ɭː ɐ u n] ``` * - - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - Open-Mid - ```{ipa_cell} * unrounded * ɛ * Occurrences: 6 * Examples * ɛː * Occurrences: 2751 * Examples * 새벽녘: [sʰ ɛː bʲ ʌ ŋ ɲ ʌ k̚] * 녹내장: [n o ŋ n ɛː dʑ ɐ ŋ] * 뛰어내려: [t͈ ɥ i ʌ n ɛː ɾʲ ʌ] * 내려야: [d ɛː ɾʲ ʌ j ɐ] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * unrounded * ʌ * Occurrences: 8429 * Examples * 노동청: [n o d o ɲ tɕʰ ʌ ŋ] * 평론가: [pʲ ʌ ŋ n o ŋ ɡ ɐ] * 총격사건: [tɕʰ oː ŋ ɟ ʌ k s ɐ ɡ ʌ n] * 로부터: [ɾ o b u tʰ ʌ] * ʌː * Occurrences: 908 * Examples * 전화벨: [tɕ ʌː n βʷ ɐ b e ɭ] * 어야죠: [ʌː j ɐ dʑ o] * 멍하니: [m ʌː ŋ h ɐ ɲ i] * 벌인다: [p ʌː ɾʲ i n d ɐ] ``` * - - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * unrounded * ɐ * Occurrences: 11697 * Examples * 빗방울: [pʲ i t̚ pʰ ɐ ŋ u ɭ] * 관제탑: [kʷ ɐ ɲ dʑ e tʰ ɐ] * 다녀왔: [t ɐ ɲ ʌ w ɐ] * 들여다: [t ɨ ɾʲ ʌ d ɐ] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - Open - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` ``````